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| date= 12 April – 11 August 1712 | place=Old Swiss Confederacy | result=Protestant victory *Peace of Aarau (11 August 1712) *Peace of Baden (16 June 1718) *End of the Catholic hegemony | combatant1=Protestants 15px Canton of Zürich 15px Canton of Bern 15px Toggenburg rebels 15px City of Geneva 15px Principality of Neuchâtel | combatant2=Catholics 15px Abbey of Saint Gall 15px Canton of Lucerne 15px Canton of Uri 15px Canton of Schwyz 15px Canton of Unterwalden 15px Canton of Zug 15px Valais〔 Freie Ämter }} The Toggenburg War, also known as the Second War of Villmergen〔 Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Zwitserland. §5.2 Reformatie". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.〕 or the Swiss Civil War of 1712,〔Graham Nattrass, (The Swiss civil war of 1712 in contemporary sources ) ''The British Library Journal'' 19 (1993), pp. 11–33; Nattrass, "Further sources for the Swiss civil war of 1712 in the British Library's collections", ''The British Library Journal'' 25 (1999), pp. 164–79.〕 was a Swiss civil war during the Old Swiss Confederacy, that took place from 12 April until 11 August 1712. On the one hand there were the Catholic "inner cantons" and the Imperial Abbey of Saint Gall, on the other the Protestant cantons of Bern and Zürich as well as the abbatial subjects of Toggenburg. The conflict was simultaneously a religious war, a war for the hegemony within the Confederacy and an uprising of subjects.〔 Im Hof: ''Ancien Régime.'' 1977, p. 694.〕 The war ended in a Protestant victory and toppled the balance of political power within the Confederacy. == Background == The war was caused by a conflict between the prince-abbot of St Gall, Leodegar Bürgisser, and his Protestant subjects in the county of Toggenburg, that had belonged to the Imperial Abbey of St Gall ever since 1460, but was simultaneously connected to the Swiss cantons of Glarus and Schwyz through ''Landrecht'' since 1436. After the Reformation, about two thirds of the Toggenburg population had become Protestant, however the Protestants did not comprise the majority in every municipality. After the transaction of sovereignty to the Imperial Abbey, the Reformed inhabitants of Toggenburg were promised by their Swiss allies Zürich and Bern, and also by the prince-abbot, that the principle of equal treatment in religious matters would be respected. Despite this, the abbots of St Gall undertook attempts to recatholicise Toggenburg in the frame of the Counter-Reformation. In all municipalities, including the almost completely Reformed ones, the position of Catholics was strengthened, and new Catholic churches were built in several towns, so that the common usage of parish churches was no longer required. In the 17th century the prince-abbots and their worldly magistrates, the ''Landeshofmeister'', began to organise the abbatial sovereign territories more strictly and subject them to an at least tentatively modern governance in the frame of the absolutist practice of the day. This time and again resulted in conflicts by the infringement of the Protestant clergy by the abbatial authorities. In 1663, for example, the abbatial governor of Toggenburg in Lichtensteig, Wolfgang Friedrich Schorno, tried to pass the death sentence to vicar Jeremias Braun there, because he allegedly committed blasphemy during a Reformed sermon. It was only because of the interference by the Protestant canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden that Braun could be saved – but he had to accept his banishment nonetheless. After an intervention of their protector cantons four years later, the Toggenburgers succeeded in having Schorno removed from office by abbot Gallus Alt (r. 1654–1687). In 1695, in the frame of the Counter-Reformation, the seven Catholic cantons of the Confederacy and the prince-abbot of St Gall formed an alliance for the salvation of Catholicism against the "un-Catholic religion". To strengthen the connections between the Imperial Abbey and Catholic Central Switzerland, Schwyz proposed to prince-abbot Leodegar Bürgisser (r. 1696–1717) in 1699 to construct a new road over the Ricken Pass –strategically and economically important for the Catholic cantons– between Uznach en Wattwil. This would enable a rapid movement of Catholic troops to Toggenburg and the Princely Lands in case of war. After the settlement of the "Cross War" with the also Reformed Imperial City of St. Gallen in 1697, prince-abbot Bürgisser ordered the municipality of Wattwil to start construction of the road over the Ricken Pass on the Toggenburg side through socage. Out of the refusal of the Wattwilers to collaborate to building the road, which they regarded as a threat to their religious freedom as well as financial suppression, a serious conflict with the prince-abbot arose. The abbot eventually resolved to simply incarcerate the highest Toggenburg magistrate, the ''Landweibel'' Josef Germann, to break the opposition. Because Germann was a Catholic, the complaints of the Toggenburgers were heard by the protector cantons, which began acting on behalf of the Toggenburgers. In this situation, ''Landeshofmeister'' Fidel von Thurn moved the abbot to seek diplomatic ties within the Holy Roman Empire, concluding a protection treaty with Emperor Leopold I of Habsburg in 1702, and even receiving the investiture as Imperial Prince in 1706. These events threatened to raise the conflict to a European level. Moreover this constituted a grave breach of the structure and sovereignty of the Confederacy: the Imperial Abbey of St Gall seemed to entirely escape the influence of the Confederacy (of which it was a member since 1451) and enter into the Austrian sphere of influence (while the Swiss had fought for centuries to uphold their independence from the Habsburgers). Especially both Appenzells, but also Zürich, could not accept such a turn of affairs. Besides that, the Princely Lands housed the fourth greatest population within the Confederacy, and was also of essential economic importance to Eastern Switzerland.〔Im Hof: ''Ancien Régime.'' (1977) p. 695.〕 The Toggenburgers sought and found allies, mainly in their protector cantons of Schwyz and Glarus, with whom they renewed their ''Landrecht'' in 1703 and 1704. Moreover, the Protestant outposts Zürich and Bern were becoming more and more supportive of the Toggenburg cause. In 1707, they presented the prince-abbot with a mediation proposal, in which Toggenburg would be granted far-reaching autonomy, to which however the abbot did not respond. With that a series of events began that eventually amounted to an escalation to war. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Toggenburg War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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